The Churches of Granada

Granada was the last bastion to fall to Christian armies in 1492 after almost seven centuries of Muslim rule in Al-Andalus. It is therefore not surprising to find grand churches in Granada. It was an expression of newly acquired power. Christopher Columbus also discovered the American continent in 1492 and in time that brought much wealth to the Spanish monarchy. New wealth and new power led to an unprecedented building spree, which is seen nowhere better than in Granada and Sevilla.

The Cathedral de la Anunciacion (also called the Metropolitan Cathedral), dated 1522-1704, is one of the most impressive examples of Spanish Renaissance. Emperor Charles V decided to turn it into a royal mausoleum. In the building five naves are juxtaposed to a rotunda with a double ambulatory, and presents a multiple symbolism. The circular cimborrio (central tower) is also the royal vault, alluding to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The central alter indicates a very precise ideology – the sacred sacrament of the Eucharist irradiating over a city that was still Muslim. After the death of its primary architect Diego de Siloe, the main façade was completed by Alonso Cano. It was conceived as a triumphal arch whose tripartite design disguises the interior structure of the five naves and intensifies the play of light and shadow.

Cathedral de la Anunciacion

The Capilla Real (Royal Chapel) was commissioned by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in 1504 for their burial site; work started in 1506 and finished in 1521. The Chapel is an example of the late Castilian Gothic style: Latin cross plan, with an apse and a choir, ribbed vaults and decorative emphasis in the upper part of the wall. On the inside, the most outstanding features are the Renaissance grate located in the transept, the sepulchers of the monarchs and those of Felipe the Handsome and Queen Juana, and the alterpiece of the Holy Cross. On the outside, the Chapel has only one façade, with a front dated to 1526 and rebuilt in 1733 to unite it to the Cathedral complex. At the bottom of the nave, another front leads into the Iglesia del Sagario.

Capilla Real, Granada

The Iglesia de Sacrario, dated 1705-1722, is in the Baroque style and occupies the site where the Major Mosque of Granada used to stand. The building follows on a smaller scale the Basilica of Saint Peter – Greek cross inside a square. A hemispherical dome covers the central part and domical vaults cover the four sides of the transept. The front is divided into two parts, with sculptures by Augustine Vera Moreno in the second part – Saint Peter in the middle, flanked by Saint John Nepomuceno and Saint Ivo.

Iglesia de Sacario, Granada

In the immediate vicinity of the Cathedral are two educational institutions – Antigue Universidad Literaria and La Madrazza. The University building is dated 1527-1544 and is in the Renaissance style. Emperor Charles founded it in 1526 to indoctrinate the Muslims who remained under Christian power after the conquest of Al-Andalus. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, the teaching was transferred to the old Colegio de San Pablo de la Compania de Jeus and the building became a heritage site. La Madrazza (The Madrasa) was established in 1349 by Sultan Yusuf I as a school and university. It is stated to have a splendid prayer hall and mihrab, but sadly it was closed for repairs.

Puerta del Pardon is a cathedral in the Renaissance style dating to 1537, with the second part done in 1810. Its name comes from a convicted criminal who sought refuge in the cathedral and was later pardoned. Roman triupmphal arches provided inspiration for its design, signifying the victory of Christian forces. Above the spandrels of the lower arch are the allegorical figures of Faith and Justice, which suggest that the land was given to Christian monarchs because they acted with faith and justice.

Puerta del Pardon, Granada

Puerta del Pardon, Granada

The Hospital Real (Royal Hospital) is as grand as any early to mid-16^th century church in Granada. It is built on a Greek cross plan with each quadrant consisting of a fountain courtyard and rooms in the surrounding verandah. The transept is crowned by a central tower. The construction of this hospital is dated 1511-1599; the frontispiece dated 1632 is one of the finest in Granada. Hospital Real was built on the orders of King Fernando V, as part of a public service programme undertaken by the Crown following the conquest of Granada. This building is now part of the University of Granada and houses a large library. Strangely, this was the only building in Granada in which we had to pass through metal detectors and our bags were also screened through X-ray.

Frontispiece, Hospital Real

Fountain Courtyard, Hospital Real

Spain Diary - Getting there and some history

The Commonwealth Games in Delhi, its associated chaos, vacations in schools and colleges for two weeks and a speaking assignment in Spain, led us to plan a trip to this country. My fascination with Spain is largely due to its Moorish past, its rich history, a mixed culture and architectural styles. Naturally, we will begin with Andalucia, the southern part of Spain.

Here is the itinerary that we plan to follow.

Our itinerary in Spain
1. Arrive in Madrid; proceed to Granada (Oct 2)
2. Granada to Cordoba and back (Oct 4)
3. Granada to Seville (Oct 6)
4. Seville to Barcelona (Oct 7)
5. Barcelona to Madrid (Oct 13)

I will try to write this diary as we go along. But I will also keep updating it with pictures and facts as and when I get more time from the travels.

Oct 2, 2010
Our journey began with Qatar Airways QR233 leaving Delhi at 4:50 am. The 4 hr flight was uneventful, the plane was nice and movie selections were good. We reached Doha at about 6:45 local time and connected quickly to QR071 to Madrid. A group of Pakistanis traveling together were quite excited and always wanted to use toilets when food trolleys were in the alley. The coolest one was a Sikh from Quetta, who kept reading an Urdu novel through the flight to Spain. Cannot get any more cross-cultural than that. I again met this group two days later in Granada. They worked for a Spanish fertilizer company in Pakistan and were on a company-organized pleasure trip.

Bajaras Airport in Madrid is quite large but did not have as much traffic, at least when we arrived. It is Spain's busiest and the world's 11th busiest airport. The new Terminal 4, which opened in 2006, was designed by Antonio Lamela and Richard Rogers. According to a Madrid travel site, "the award-winning design attempts to use its sweeping visual effects to psychologically create a stress-free feeling among passengers prior to their journey". I wonder why they overlooked the stressed-out arriving passengers. There were three sets of stairways to cross to get from the aircraft to the arrival hall, which was not very convenient. But the immigration was efficient and luggage arrived quickly. The lady at the information counter was helpful, telling us exactly how to get to the bus station (Estacion del Sur) for the next leg of our trip to Granada.

Arrival Hall, Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport, Madrid

The taxi from airport to Estacion del Sur was expensive; a 15-min ride cost us 30 euros. The landscape and vegetation reminded me of the dry hilly terrain of Denver (USA) where we lived for a few years and have visited often. Estacion del Sur is like most bus stations in Europe. Lots of ticket windows, sitting areas, lots of vending machines and places to eat. We catch the 5:30 pm ALSA bus to Granada, the trip costing 16.20 euros per head.

The trip from Madrid to Granada took 5 hours, which included a 30 min stop midway. The café (possibly owned by the bus company) offered cold and soggy sandwiches, stale donuts, coffee and soft drinks. The terrain from Madrid started with dry rolling hills but later changed into rich agricultural land with olive plantations. Alternative energy was prominent in modern windmills and farms of solar panels.

Windmills and Olives, Madrid-Granada Highway

Midway stop, Madrid-Granada Highway

We arrive in Granada around 10:30 pm and take a taxi to our hotel - Pension San Joaquin, which we booked through the internet. It is along a cobblestone alley, just off the Gran via de Colon, close to the old part of town. Our triple room is basic, but is clean and functional. Best of all, internet is free and there is WiFi in our room. Pension San Joaquin is designed like an Andalucian home, around a decorated central courtyard. The housekeeping service is good and the reception staff is helpful, even though they can speak very little English. There is no breakfast, but there are plenty of restaurants, and cafes near the hotel. Further,  the hotel's coin-operated coffee machine serves decent coffees for only 0.5 euros. Those have made parts of this blog possible.

Our hotel - Pension San Joaquin, Granada

More on Granada as we start exploring it. We have a date with Alhmabra tomorrow.

Oct 3, 2010

We spent the day exploring Granada, a majority of it being spent in Alhambra, the fortress palace built by the Moors, which takes architectural finesse to new heights. The Nasirid Palace within this complex is a beauty. I have seen Topkapi, the palace of Ottomans in Istanbul, which would be contemporary to this building, and the Red Fort in Delhi, which was about two centuries later. Neither of these buildings come close in the finesse and detailing seen in the Nasirid Palace. The Taj Mahal in Agra, again about 200 years later, would be a close competitor.

Nasirid Palace, Alhambra, Granada

Granada cannot be appreciated without a bit of history. You find it around every corner in this city. If the Muslims built Alhambra, the Christians who followed went on to build with a vengeance, dotting the city with many fine churches in the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque style. The Granada of today is a young and vibrant city with about a quarter of its population being students; its university and medical school are highly rated.

Granada is the gem of present day Andalusia province in Southern Spain. Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to a nation governed by Muslims at various times between 711-1492. The Moors, as the Arabs who ruled Al-Andalus were called in general, were not part of one continuous dynasty. The Umayyads who ruled present-day Syria and Iraq till the middle of the 8^th century, conquered the Iberian peninsula when Tariq ibn Ziyad led Muslim forces on the orders of the Caliph Al-Walid I to Gibraltar in 711. The word “Gibraltar” itself is derived from Jabl-al-Tariq (The Mountain of Tariq), designating that famous geological formation in the Strait of Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean between Spain on the European continent and Morocco on the African continent. In a seven-year campaign, which was followed by some reverses, almost the entire Iberian peninsula was brought under Muslim control. Al-Andalus became part of the expanding Ummayad empire. The Caliph in Baghdad ruled Al-Andalus through a governor.

In 750, when the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads, the exiled Umayyad prince Abd-ar-Rahman took control of Al-Andalus by 756 and established himself as the Emir of Cordoba. For the next 150 years, his descendants ruled as emirs of Cordoba, with vacillating control over Al-Andalus, sometimes not extending beyond Cordoba. Abd-al-Rahman III who took control in 912 restored Umayyad power and expanded his dominion over the entire Al-Andalus and parts of Northern Africa. In 929 he elevated the emirate to a Caliphate, competing in prestige and power with the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad and the Shi’ite caliph in Tunis. This was the golden period of Al-Andalus.

A civil war between 1009 and 1013 led to a collapse of the Cordoba Caliphate. Al-Andalus broke up into small independent states called taifas, which came under threat from Christian kingdoms to their north. The taifa rulers sought help from the Almoravids, the Islamic rulers of Maghreb to their south. In 1086 the Almovarid ruler of Morocco, Yusuf bin Tashfin, defeated the Christian armies and by 1094 he annexed all the muslim taifas. The Almovarids were followed by another Berber Muslim dynasty, the Almohads in the 12^th century, who were defeated by the Castilian Alfonso VIII in 1212 at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The final Muslim threat to Christians on the Iberian peninsula came from the Marinids in Morocco who took control of Granada and surrounding areas during the 14^th century. The Marinids were defeated at the Battle of Salado in 1340 and Gibralta, till then under the control of Granada fell in 1350. Thereafter, rebellions and wars among Chritian states ensured the survival of Granada for almost 150 years. King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castille were married in 1469 and this union marked the final assault on Granada. The Pope declared their war a crusade. In January 1492 after a long siege, Mohammad XII, the Moorish sultan, surrendered the magnificent fortress palace Alhambra, bringing to an end the Muslim rule in Al-Andalus.